Susan S. Goode School of Arts and Humanities

Philosophy

B.A. Minor: Philosophy

Department Chair: Dr. Steven Emmanuel

Philosophy — literally "love of wisdom" — is the disciplined practice of asking fundamental questions about knowledge, reality, ethics, and the good life. Following the model set by Socrates, the discipline treats intellectual and moral integrity as inseparable, using careful analysis and rigorous argument to examine questions that remain as urgent today as in antiquity.

The major builds from logic and historical foundations — Ancient Greek and Modern Philosophy — into electives spanning ethics, metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and contemporary applied topics like data ethics and environmental justice. The curriculum covers both the Western philosophical tradition and perspectives beyond it. The major culminates in PHIL 480, a capstone research project defended through an extensive essay and oral examination.

Philosophy is widely recognized as strong preparation for law school and graduate study across many fields, and Batten University maintains dual degree partnerships in law and theology that draw directly on the major's analytical and ethical training.

Requirements

PHIL 209 Methods of Logic
4 hrs
PHIL 332 Ancient Greek Philosophy
4 hrs
PHIL 336 Modern Philosophy
4 hrs
Ethics/Values Elective One of: PHIL 105 Meaning, Happiness, and the Good Life · PHIL 202 Contemporary Moral Issues · PHIL 204 Philosophical Fiction · PHIL 212 Practical Ethics · PHIL 221/321 Ethics and Health Care · PHIL 272/372 Beyond the Western Tradition · PHIL 304 Environmental Ethics · PHIL 399 Environmental Justice
4 hrs
PHIL 480 Research in Philosophy (Capstone)
4 hrs
300/400-level Electives Three additional philosophy courses, at least two of which are at the 300/400 level
12 hrs
Total Hours Required 32

Courses

Philosophy coursework spans the history of the discipline — from Ancient Greek philosophy through Modern and 19th-century thought — alongside topical courses in ethics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion, and contemporary applied ethics covering data, technology, and the environment. Several courses are cross-listed with other departments, reflecting philosophy's reach across the humanities and social sciences.

PHIL 105 4 credits

Meaning, Happiness, and the Good Life

CATALOG DESCRIPTION NOT FOUND IN SOURCE MATERIAL. Referenced as a requirements elective but no description appears in this source file. Flagged for Academic Affairs.

PHIL 110 4 credits

Perennial Questions

A critical examination of several great issues that confront us in modern philosophical thought, including the question of the existence of God, the nature of ultimate reality, the sources of human knowledge, the principles of moral values, and the problems of aesthetic judgments. Offered every spring.

PHIL 202 4 credits

Contemporary Moral Issues

Introduces the practice of moral reasoning through the study of representative moral theories and their application to controversial issues in contemporary life. Students develop the critical and analytical skills required for thinking clearly about moral problems and forming their own conclusions about them. Offered every spring.

PHIL 204 4 credits

Philosophical Fiction

CATALOG DESCRIPTION NOT FOUND IN SOURCE MATERIAL. Referenced as a requirements elective but no description appears in this source file. Flagged for Academic Affairs.

PHIL 209 4 credits

Methods of Logic

Analysis and evaluation of argument along with an introduction to induction, correlation and causation, and to specific methods of argument evaluation such as categorical logic, propositional logic, truth tables, truth trees, and first-order logic. Background readings in the philosophy of logic and the psychology of reasoning. Offered every spring.

PHIL 212 4 credits

Practical Ethics

CATALOG DESCRIPTION NOT FOUND IN SOURCE MATERIAL. Referenced as a requirements elective but no description appears in this source file. Flagged for Academic Affairs.

PHIL 220/320 4 credits

Art, Monuments, and Morality

This course explores the intersection of aesthetic, historical, and moral value. Topics include art by morally flawed creators, ethically problematic works, the preservation of monuments and heritage sites, and the impact of gentrification. Be prepared to think hard and hone your ability to defend different views. Prerequisite: ENG 105 with a grade of C or higher, or consent. Offered intermittently.

PHIL 221/321 4 credits

Ethics and Health Care

Foregoing life-sustaining treatment, procurement of organs and tissue for transplantation, artificial reproduction, allocation of scarce health resources, AIDS: public health vs. private rights. Such questions of health care confront all of us at some time both as matters of individual concern and as issues of public policy. Students examine the ethical principles that should undergird decisions in health care and apply these principles to concrete cases. Offered every spring.

PHIL 240 4 credits

Philosophy of Sport

This course is a philosophical inquiry into the nature and meaning of sport, the ethical and psychological dimensions of competition, and the role that sport plays in our conception of the good life. Special attention will be given to ancient Greek philosophical perspectives on the value of sport as preparation for life. In addition to the Western perspective, students will be exposed to the Eastern philosophy of martial arts, which stresses the unity of mind-body-spirit and the development of character. Prerequisite: ENG 105 or consent. Offered intermittently.

PHIL 250 4 credits

Topics in Philosophy

A focused introduction to the practice of philosophy that concentrates on a single topic. Prerequisite: ENG 105 with a grade of C or higher, or consent. Offered intermittently.

PHIL 253/353 4 credits

Social and Political Philosophy

A survey of theoretical tools for understanding social dilemmas and specific social issues. Topics include self and society, friendship and justice, authority and anarchism, democracy and other forms of government; issues such as identity politics, social change, and political rhetoric. Identical to PHIL 353. Offered spring of even-numbered years.

PHIL 272/372 4 credits

Beyond the Western Tradition

We live in a world characterized by multiplicity, plurality, and difference. Students enter into frames of reference of people with differing experiences of, and assumptions about, the world. We are educated in this world to the degree that we are aware of our own boundedness, and that we become skilled in critically understanding and integrating the perspectives of others. Examines the beliefs of Native Americans, West Africans, Chinese thinkers, and philosophers of India. Offered every spring.

PHIL 304 4 credits

Environmental Ethics

From ancient Sumer to the present, ecological realities have required human beings to reflect on their values and their responsibilities to nature. Students examine the relevance of philosophy to environmental questions and, in particular, explore the connection between the environment and ethics. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Identical to ENVS 304. Offered every fall.

PHIL 309 4 credits

Critical Thinking in the Digital Age

This course teaches students how to apply the tools of critical thinking to modern media. Special attention is given to addressing the special challenges posed by fake news and images, media bias, misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy theory. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered every spring.

PHIL 310 4 credits

Theory of Knowledge

What is the basis of our knowledge about the world, other people, ourselves? Focusing on work done in the 20th century, students examine some recent theories about the nature of human knowledge, as well as the related concepts of truth, justification, and belief. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered intermittently.

PHIL 315 4 credits

Philosophy of Religion

What is religion? What makes a belief or practice religious? Is there a distinctively religious form of experience? What is the function of religious belief in the modern world? Prerequisite: sophomore status or consent. Previously PHIL 215.

PHIL 328 4 credits

Buddhist Philosophy

Introduces the major themes in Buddhist philosophy. Readings and lectures are aimed at understanding the way Buddhist thinkers approach questions in ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, and philosophy of mind. Course readings are drawn from various canonical sources that record the teachings of the historical Buddha. These are supplemented by additional readings that discuss the development of these teachings in various schools of Buddhist thought. Special emphasis is placed on the Mahayana and Zen Buddhist traditions. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered intermittently.

PHIL 332 4 credits

Ancient Greek Philosophy

An introduction to ancient Greek philosophy. Focuses on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle; may also include the early scientific thinkers or "pre-Socratics," who abandoned the supernatural and the Hellenistic schools, which conceived of philosophy as a way to find peace of mind. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered every fall.

PHIL 336 4 credits

Modern Philosophy

An exploration of the momentous changes in philosophy occurring in the 17th Century that defined a new era in the life of European civilization. Key themes include the philosophical grounding of religious toleration and the emergence of a new scientific culture. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered every spring.

PHIL 338 4 credits

19th-Century Philosophy

Surveys major trends in post-Kantian European philosophy. Readings are drawn from the work of Fichte, Hegel, Marx, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and others. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered spring of even-numbered years.

PHIL 350 4 credits

Existential Thought

Intensive study of recent phenomenological investigation into human existence. Thinkers such as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre, and Merleau-Ponty are discussed. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered every fall.

PHIL 360 4 credits

Minds, Brains, and Machines

This course explores central questions in philosophy of mind and overlapping areas of neuroscience. What is a mind and how does it relate to the brain? What is consciousness? Can machines think? Is a science of consciousness possible? Students will consider diverse approaches to answering these and other questions. Offered intermittently.

PHIL 399 4 credits

Environmental Justice

What does justice demand in this time of global climate change, environmental degradation, and mass extinctions? Do the poor and minority communities bear a disproportionate burden? Do we have obligations to persons not-yet-born? Do non-human animals have rights? Should trees or rivers have legal standing? Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered every spring.

PHIL 400 4 credits

Philosophy Seminar

An in-depth study of the work of a single major philosopher or of a specific topic in philosophy. The figure or topic changes with each offering. Contact the department chair for the current selection. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered intermittently.

PHIL 450 4 credits

Ethics, Data, and Technology

This course explores the intersection of ethics and contemporary data science, with special attention to the implications of AI and autonomous technologies for society. Discussion topics include racial bias in machine learning, the black box problem, mass surveillance, privacy, autonomy, technological unemployment, and moral responsibility for autonomous systems. Offered intermittently.

PHIL 480 4 credits

Research in Philosophy

Capstone course for the philosophy major. Students conduct a research project of their own design, under faculty supervision, that culminates in an oral presentation, an extensive essay and a viva voce examination. Students must have completed most of the requirements for the major before taking this course. Consent Required. Offered intermittently.

Graduate & Dual Degree Pathways

Philosophy students have access to guaranteed and preferred admission pathways to law school and graduate theological programs through Batten University's partnership agreements. Contact your advisor for current eligibility requirements and application deadlines.

Appalachian School of Law

Juris Doctor

Dual Degree 3+3

Earn a Bachelor's degree from Batten and a JD from Appalachian School of Law in six years.

Regent University — School of Law

Juris Doctor

Dual Degree 3+3

Earn a Bachelor's degree from Batten and a JD from Regent University School of Law in six years.

Boston University

School of Theology

Guaranteed Admission

Guaranteed admission with scholarship consideration to the MDiv or MTS programs. Requires continuous enrollment, GPA requirement, and religious studies coursework.

Duke University

Duke Divinity School

Early Admission

Streamlined early admission with scholarship opportunities to the MDiv or Master of Arts in Christian Practice programs.

Emory University

Candler School of Theology

Guaranteed Admission

Guaranteed admission with scholarship opportunities to the MDiv or Master of Religious Leadership. Requires Religious Studies coursework.

United Theological Seminary

Master of Divinity

Dual Degree 3+2

Cooperative College Program — complete a Bachelor's at Batten and an MDiv at United Theological Seminary in five years.

View All Dual Degree Programs

Career Outcomes

Law

Philosophy is one of the strongest traditional pathways to law school, building exactly the analytical reasoning and argumentation skills law schools value most.

Law School Legal Reasoning

Ethics, Technology & Policy

Coursework in applied ethics — including data ethics, environmental ethics, and bioethics — prepares students for emerging roles in tech ethics, policy, and compliance.

Tech Ethics Policy Bioethics

Theology & Religious Studies

Dual degree partnerships with graduate theological programs support students interested in ministry, theology, or religious studies.

Theology Ministry Graduate Study

Writing, Education & Beyond

Strong analytical writing and argumentation skills translate into careers in education, publishing, consulting, and any field that values rigorous, structured thinking.

Education Writing Consulting

Faculty

Larry Hultgren
Larry Hultgren

Professor Emeritus of Philosophy

lhultgren@batten.edu

Steve Emmanuel
Steve Emmanuel

Professor of Philosophy
Chair of Philosophy

757-455-3405
Allen Village 119

Levi Tenen
Levi Tenen

Assistant Professor of Philosophy
Coordinator of the Ethics Bowl

757-455-3388
Roop 4

Patrick Goold
Patrick Goold

Associate Professor Emeritus of Philosophy

757-455-3357
222 Blocker Hall

Cathal Woods
Cathal Woods

Associate Professor Emeritus, Philosophy

rwoods@batten.edu